Utilitarianism Can Not Be Defended Against The Injustice...

In this essay, I will argue that utilitarianism cannot be defended against the injustice objection. Utilitarians may be able to reply to the injustice objection in some cases by invoking one of two replies, the ‘Long term consequences’ reply, in which utilitarians will avoid unjust actions that increase short-term utility because in the long-term they will not lead to the greatest good. The other reply that may help utilitarianism avoid injustice in some cases is the ‘Secondary principles’ reply, where some rule-based principles such as not murdering (because it generally decreases happiness) may avoid injustice.. However, I will focus on the ‘bite the bullet’ objection, which states that when we do not know what the long term consequences†¦show more content†¦An example of this is in the case of R v Dudley and Stephens (1884), where Dudley, Stephens, and Brookes ate the cabin boy Parker, after they were shipwrecked for 24 days at sea. Although this act maximised utility for the most people, Parker’s rights were infringed upon as he did not agree to being killed and eaten. Therefore when we add up the pain and pleasures of all those affected we may end up infringing someone’s rights. The act that maximises utility may cause unhappiness and misery for the minority. There are three standard replies to the injustice objection. The first being the ‘Long term consequences’ objection, where a person following utilitarianism is not obligated to commit an injustice, and that person should take into account the long term consequences of their actions. An example I would like to refer to is the harvesting organs example. Where there are five sick people in hospital and they all need organ transplants, at the same time a sixth patient is undergoing a routine checkup. A transplant surgeon finds that the only way of saving the five would be to kill the sixth person and harvest their organs. Utilitarianism would state that we should harvest the organs of person 6 without his permission to save the lives of the five other people who are dying. A utilitarian would explain that the action of harvesting the organs ofShow MoreRelatedCan Utilitarianism Be Defended Against The Injustice Objection?1361 Words   |  6 PagesCan Utilitarianism be defend ed against the Injustice Objection?    In this essay, I will argue that utilitarianism cannot be defended against the injustice objection. Utilitarians may be able to reply to the injustice objection in some cases by invoking one of two replies, the ‘Long term consequences’ reply, in which utilitarians will avoid unjust actions that increase short-term utility because in the long-term they will not lead to the greatest good. The other reply that may help utilitarianismRead MoreCustomer Perception on Buying House5873 Words   |  24 PagesPrinciples of Ethical Reasoning Adapted from Business Ethics, Concepts and Cases: Manuel Velasquez (2006) Prentice Hall Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a general term for any view that holds that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they will impose on society. In any situation, the â€Å"right† action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs (when all alternatives have only net costs). Many businessesRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment2824 Words   |  12 Pagescommit murder should suffer and be punished for their inexcusable action(s). The principles of retributivism suggest that a convicted murderer should be executed because they â€Å"deserve† and â€Å"have earned† the death sentence. The right of retaliation can only be made equal by balancing of the crime with the punishment even if it is the death penalty. Those opposed to the death penalty argue that on moral grounds, all lives are sacred and killing is always wrong, a society, which kills, is no betterRead More2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pagesdone. We may be self interested, but we should also advocate trust because that’s what it takes to make money. / In butcher-brewer-baker case, if trust cannot be established, neither party will feel good about producing products for others unless they can trust them to pay. / Prisons Dilemma - Two men have the option of rattin g each other or remaining silent. Prisoners would naturally want to improve their own condition, the best case is for both to remain silent, they will both only receive a minorRead MoreTorts study notes Essay17110 Words   |  69 Pagesunfriendly camps: much of the time each treats the other with neglect or even derision. The development of each scholarly group and the explanations for their attitudes toward each other are dealt with in Part I below.    The debate within tort scholarship can be both compared and contrasted with scholarly discussions concerning the law of crimes. In the modern era many analysts have emphasized deterrence as a primary goal of the criminal law. Others have evaluated the criminal law in terms of the goal ofRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 Pagesdiscrimination in employment, the presence of â€Å"preferring the pretty†, and then the authors examine important civil rights laws that relate to such forms of discrimination. Finally, the authors apply ethical theories to determine whether such discrimination can be seen as moral or immoral. Design/methodology/approach  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It is a legal paper which covers all the laws related to discrimination based on look. Court cases and Americans laws related to this concept are reviewed and critically discussed. Findings  Ã¢â‚¬â€œRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................ 220 Exercises .......................................................................................................................................... 220 CHAPTER 7 Defending Against Deception ............................................................................. 226 Deception Is All Around Us ............................................................................................................. 227 Exaggeration

The Wrong Body Essay - 4944 Words

The manifestation of being â€Å"trapped in the wrong body† is a well-documented component of the transgender narrative that summarizes the psychosocial stress of the experiences of many transgender people (e.g., Mason-Schrock 1996; Prosser, 1998). ‘Wrong body’ is employed accordingly to elucidate how an individual’s biological sex and body do not match his or her gender identity, a â€Å"person’s basic sense of being male, female, or of indeterminate sex† (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009, p. 28). Recently in the ABC (a well-recognized American broadcasting company) prime-time television special, American hero of the 1976 Summer Olympics, Bruce Jenner (now Caitlyn) shared to Diane Sawyer, an established American news reporter, that s/he was living in the wrong body (April 24, 2015). However, this wrong body personification and associated negative outcomes are not limited to sex and gender. Such experiences can depict other in dividuals whose identity or sense of self does not match his or her physical body in several additional ways. For example, soon after the Jenner story broke (June of 2015), Rachel Dolezal- civil rights activist and former president of the Spokane (Washington) chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP)- revealed to a reporter from the popular United States television network NBC that she was also born in the wrong body, similar to Jenner, but as â€Å"Black† woman in â€Å"White† body (Stahlman, 2015). Whereas theShow MoreRelatedArticle Review on Inside the Wrong Body1253 Words   |  6 PagesArticle Review on â€Å"Inside the Wrong Body† Introduction In the article, â€Å"Inside the Wrong Body† by Carrie Arnold the main topic of study is about interoceptionability in humans. According to Carrie, interoceptionsimply is the knowledge of one’s internal bodily functions (Arnold, 2012). In other words, it is an explanation of an individual’s ability to be able to understand their internal body functions and relate it to the external images. Generally, this topic of study is very important sinceRead MoreSelling Bodies For Sex : Is It Right Or Wrong? Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pages Selling bodies for sex. As simple as that. Is it right or wrong? To some, the legalization of prostitution in the United States is a completely preposterous notion. Essentially, those who are opposed to the authorization of prostitution are against it because of moral or religious beliefs. Religiously, things like sanctity of the body, or abstinence before marriage, are large reasons why some believe that prostitution is an unacce ptable thing. Even those who are not religious, have the moralsRead MoreAn Insight On How The Wrong Food Can Affect The Body On A Bad Way Causing Life992 Words   |  4 PagesFinkelstein, Eric. Duke University; Duke Obesity experts in special issue on food and health. Trade Journal (2015): 52+. ProQuest Central. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. Eric Finkelstein shows an insight on how the wrong food can affect the body in a bad way causing life threating disease. Finkelstein claims that when food science and food processing became more popular so did the obesity rate. Statistics and experiments are included to explain in numbers how highly processed food has affected people and whatRead MoreWhich Is More Immoral?744 Words   |  3 Pagesfetus of it’s valuable future-like-ours. Therefore, aborting the baby would be wrong and just as wrong as killing an adult human being. Margret Little looks at Marquis’ argument and sees that it ignores the fact that a fetus occupies someone else’s body and whether or not it is entitled to it. Little questioned whether or not the right to life included the right to use the biological services of someone else’s body against their consent. Though the government tires to protect the interest of theRead MoreThe Abortion Debate Over The Rights And Wrongs Of Intentionally Termination A Pregnancy Before Normal Childbirth1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe abortion debate deals with the rights and wrongs of intentionally termination a pregnancy before normal childbirth, killing the fetus in the process. Abortion is a very painful topic for women and men who find themselves facing the moral dilemma of whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. It s one of the most polarizing moral issues - most people are on one side or the other, very few are undecided. Everyone agrees that adult human beings have the right to life. Some people would say that theRead MoreMorality, By Joan Didion915 Words   |  4 PagesMorality in its basic definition, is the knowledge between what is right and what is wrong. In Joan Didion’s essay, â€Å"On Morality,† she uses examples to show how morality is used to justify actions and decisions by people. She explains that morality can have a profound effect on the decisions that people chose to make. I think that morality is an idea that is different for every individual based on morals and background. In Joan Didion’s piece, â€Å"On Morality,† she objectivity thinks that every individualRead MoreAbortion : An Argument For A Pregnancy Before Normal Childbirth1153 Words   |  5 PagesGenerally, abortion means the intentionally termination a pregnancy before normal childbirth. Now, the topic abortion is worldwide endless intentionally termination a pregnancy before normal childbirth. The debate mainly focuses on the rights and wrongs of the result of abortion which kills the fetus. It s one of the most opposing moral issues. Most people are on the side whether totally agree or totally disagree, negligible people are the middle liner. Pro-abortion groups, who are in favor of abortionRead MoreWhy Abortion Is Not Morally Wrong?1031 Words   |  4 PagesWhy abortion is not morally wrong? Abortion has always been a controversial topic since the late 20th century. Why Abortion is Immoral by Don Marquis is the discussion of whether abortion should be acceptable in our society. In this paper, I will argue against his defense of anti-abortion. First, I will show that the fetus is not considered human, so Marquis’ strategy of determining what makes killing wrong in general and applying the same reasoning to the fetus does not work. Next, I will invalidateRead MorePremarital Sex Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesits survey of 1,241 people found 8 percent of engaged women agreed with the statement, with only 4 percent saying their strongly agreed, CanWest News Service reported Wednesday† (UPI) This explains how many people do not take premarital sex as a wrong action but instead as a good idea. Very few people follow the moral doings of saving sex before marriage. Since the government does not have a specified law against this act it is not followed nor respected. Society has socially accepted that peopleRead MoreThe Guilt Of Murder In Edgar Allen Poes Tell-Tale Heart1367 Words   |  6 Pagesconcealment of the body until he hears the first unperceived thumping of the dead man’s heart, driving him to confess to the police. His frantic attempts to convince the reader of his justification of the murder and that he is not insane creates suspense that leaves the reader at the edge of their seats at the moment of his admission. If the narrator were on trial, he would be guilty of premeditated murder because he has the characteristics of a sane person, such as knowing right from wrong, having a clear

Relationship between Brutus and Cassius free essay sample

Relationship between Brutus and Cassius The personalities of Brutus and Cassius differ significantly, which causes them to have a corrupt relationship. Brutus is an honest, truthful man. He is also shown to be naive when he allows Antony to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He has a passion for the prosperity of Rome, and believes that Caesar will not be a fit ruler. He debates joining the conspiracy, but doesn’t want to murder Caesar. Cassius is a deceiving, selfish man. He knows that the conspirators need Brutus to be successful, so he sends him anonymous letters. Brutus receives the letters and decides to join the conspirators in the murdering of Caesar. Brutus and Cassius are both part of the conspiracy, but their motives are quite different. Brutus truly believes that Caesar’s death is necessary to the success of Rome. If he is not killed, Brutus fears that he will be crowned king and Rome will no longer be a democracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Brutus and Cassius or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cassius’ motives are not for the good of Rome, but instead, they are very selfish. Cassius hates Caesar, and is very power-thirsty. He worries that the conspiracy will be defeated by Mark Antony, and suggests that they kill him too. Brutus resists, saying, â€Å"Let’s be sacrificers, but not butchers† (Act II Scene I line 167). Because of their differences, Brutus and Cassius rarely agree on matters. They argue constantly, and both have strong opinions. Cassius is furious at Brutus for publicly disgracing a friend of his for taking bribes from the Sardinians. Brutus is equally furious that Cassius would defend someone who takes bribes, arguing that Caesar was killed for that exact behavior. As the upcoming battle puts stress on the two men, they grow farther and farther apart. Before the battle, the two men are able to put their differences behind themselves and forgive each other. After struggling for so long to get along, their relationship is left in good terms. Cassius says a final goodbye to Brutus in Act V Scene I lines 119-121, by stating, â€Å"Forever, and forever, farewell, Brutus! If we do meet again, we’ll smile indeed; If not, ‘tis true this parting was well made. †

Maestro Essay Essay Example

Maestro Essay Essay Maestro Essay Discuss the ways that composers of text use distinctively visual elements to convey ideas in their texts. Distinctively visual elements convey concepts and ideas presented by composers in texts which are expressed through the construction of writing within a novel or through symbolic artworks. In the novel ‘Maestro’ by Peter Goldsworthy and the sand art performance by Kseniya Simonova, distinctively visual images are generated thorough various techniques which convey the concepts of love and lust, the significance of loving bonds and the impact of war. 68) Paul, the main character in ‘Maestro’ is taught by a musical maestro named Keller who not only teaches him about his music, but also life skills. Keller becomes instrumental to Paul’s life and Goldsworthy presents this clearly in his novel. As Paul matures, he slowly comes to the realisation that he is beginning to learn from the maestro, and that Kellers phrasings, which seemed absurd in adolescence, blossom into a musical bible whose texts I knew by heart (p. 123). This is a metaphor that emphasises the importance of Keller’s phrasings to Paul as they are referred to as a â€Å"musical bible†, displaying the importance of Keller in Paul’s life. It is through this metaphor that the composer conveys the significance of the loving bond between Paul and Keller to Paul in his development. (133) Although, as Paul matures, his attitudes towards the Maestro become warmer and they develop an unexpressed bond â€Å"I came to love the man, to depend on him† (p. 13). The metaphor, â€Å"A straining hawser† (p. 18) provides a distinctively visual image of Paul and Keller firmly clenching each others hands which symbolises the strength of the emotional connection between Paul and the maestro. This is significant as Paul’s connection with the maestro possesses great importance throughout his life as Paul develops a sense of maturity and personal development through him. Therefore, it is through this distinctively visu al element generated by Goldsworthy that the loving bond and the significance of the bond between Paul and Keller is conveyed. We will write a custom essay sample on Maestro Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Maestro Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Maestro Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This concept of love is also expressed in Kseniya Simonova’s sand art performance (1:05-2:00) through the tears of the woman resulting from the separation from her loved one due to the war. (148) Through the use of contrast, Goldsworthy creates distinctively visual images between Paul’s female friends Megan and Rosie, differentiating between love and lust simply through the use of descriptive language used to describe them. Distinctively visual images are illustrated of Megan as an angel â€Å"haloed vision†, â€Å"glowing hair† and Rosie as a fly â€Å"podgy, dimpled legs† in the novel and clearly express Paul’s initial feelings towards the girls, yet Paul becomes interested in Rosie â€Å"she had turned†¦pedalled to Rosie’s house†. Through these distinctively visual images the composer successfully conveys the idea of love overriding lust. 94) When Paul initially began lessons with Keller, his first impressions were misleading, a boozers incandescent glow†, â€Å"sun-coarsened-skin, â€Å"a cheap, ruined leather†, providing a distinctively visual image of Keller indicating that he has a wasted appearance. This is expressed by juxtaposing adjectives such as ‘cheap’, ‘ruined’, ‘coarsened’ and ‘incandescent’, which emphasise the effects alcohol has had on his appearance. This distinctively vis ual image of Keller demonstrates the detrimental impact of the war on him due to the loss of his family. The sand art performance by Kseniya Simonova also depicts the harsh affects of war. She sculpts one image skilfully into another and telling a story with her fingers and the sand about WWII. During the act (4:10 – 4:40), a young beautiful woman is transformed into a sorrowful old lady after receiving news that her loved one is dead. This conveys the detrimental impact of the war on this lady through this distinctively visual image. (159) Throughout the novel, Goldsworthy explores the impact of war which is expressed through Keller. In the novel, Paul comes across a tattoo situated upon Keller’s forearm, â€Å"tattooed upon his forearm, six faded, blue digits† which symbolised Keller’s involvement within the concentration camps and the Holocaust. It is through the use of descriptive words such as ‘faded’, which creates the meaning that it was faded because it was something of Keller’s past he wanted to forget about but will always remain with him, both internally and externally, that the composer has created a distinctively visual image of Keller’s tattoo indicating the traumas of his past resulting from the war, which conveys the idea of the impact of war. The concept of the impact of war is similarly illustrated in Kseniya Simonova’s sand art performance as during the act (1:45-2:00) a happy couple is suddenly interrupted by the initiation of the war causing the woman to weep in fear and sadness. This scene provides a distinctively visual image of a traumatised woman which fosters the composer’s idea of the traumatising impacts of the war. (189) Kseniya Simonova’s facial features and agile movements throughout her performance evoke emphasis on her art work and it is through these movements that she engages herself in her artwork. It is through her use of violent movements as her fingers fly over the sand, creating then destroying images that a distinctively visual image of WWII is created which conveys the traumatic impacts of the war. This is displayed during the act (3:10-3:15) as she violently throws sand destroying the illustration which represents the destruction of the war and therefore generates a distinctively visual image. (94) Resulting from the war, Keller lost his wife and son which resulted in Keller becoming an alcoholic. He chose the life among the ‘booze and blow’ (p. ) of Darwin to constantly remind himself of the weakness and absurdity of the human condition. The use of descriptive words such as ‘booze’ and ‘blow’ indicate the alcoholic smell of the place and creates a distinct image of the place, portraying it as an unpleasant atmosphere, which expresses the severe impacts that war has had on Keller as he surrounds himself in an uncomforting environmen t. (92) In these texts, the composer’s have clearly conveyed the concepts of the impacts of war, love and lust and loving bonds and shaped meaning of these concepts through the construction of distinctively visual images. (34)